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Specific government requirements have to be complied with, e.g. The recently issued Lloyds rules and the DnV rules are also important.
#Mindnode 2.2.3 code
The worldwide leading structural code is the API-RP2A. Structural design has to comply with specific offshore structural codes. These factors combined with the size and weight of the items, require that a designer must carefully consider all construction activities between shop fabrication and offshore installation.2.4 Codes The cost of construction equipment required to handle loads, and the cost for logistics are also a magnitude higher offshore. The overall cost of a man-hour offshore is approximately five times that of an onshore man-hour. It is necessary to design to limit offshore work to a minimum. The environment as well as financial aspects require that a high degree of prefabrication must be performed onshore. The clearance (airgap) usually is taken at approximately 1,50 m, but should be increased if reservoir depletion will create significant subsidence.2.3 Construction The topside structure also must be kept clear of the wave crest. The offshore environment can be characterized by: Slide 2 : Jacket based platform - Northern sector North SeaĪ second major type is the gravity concrete structure (see Figure 2), which is employed in the North Sea in the Norwegian and British sectors.Ī third type is the floating production unit.2.2 Environment Slide 1 : Jacket based platform - Southern sector North Sea The overwhelming majority of platforms are piled-jacket with deck structures, all built in steel (see Slides 1 and 2). OFFSHORE PLATFORMS2.1 Introduction of Basic Types It also indicates the onshore fields in England, the Netherlands and Germany.Ģ. These figures clearly indicate the challenge for the offshore designer: a growing contribution is required from offshore exploitation, a very capital intensive activity.įigure 1 shows the distribution of the oil and gas fields in the North Sea, a major contribution to the world offshore hydrocarbons. World oil production in 1988 was 63 million barrel/day. The investment (CAPEX) required at present to produce one barrel of oil per day ($/B/D) and the production costs (OPEX) per barrel are depicted in the table below. The contribution of offshore oil production in the year 1988 to the world energy consumption was 9% and is estimated to be 24% in 2000.
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Offshore platforms are constructed to produce the hydrocarbons oil and gas. Special attention is given to some principles of topside design.Ī basic introduction to cost aspects is presented.įinally terms are introduced through a glossary.1. The major codes are identified.įor the fixed platform concepts (jacket and GBS), the different execution phases are briefly explained: design, fabrication and installation.
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The lecture starts with a presentation of the importance of offshore hydro-carbon exploitation, the basic steps in the development process (from seismic exploration to platform removal) and the introduction of the major structural concepts (jacket-based, GBS-based, TLP, floating).
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To identify the basic vocabulary, to introduce the major concepts for offshore platform structures, and to explain where the basic structural requirements for design are generated.PREREQUISITES STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS: OFFSHORE Lecture 15A.1: Offshore Structures: General IntroductionOBJECTIVE/SCOPE